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	<title>Elites TV &#187; PLoS ONE</title>
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	<link>http://elitestv.com</link>
	<description>Your Elite News Source!</description>
	<lastBuildDate>Sat, 26 May 2012 23:59:37 +0000</lastBuildDate>
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		<title>Reduced Cortisol and Metabolic Responses of Thin Ewes to an Acute Cold Challenge in Mid-Pregnancy: Implications for Animal Physiology and Welfare</title>
		<link>http://elitestv.com/pub/2012/05/reduced-cortisol-and-metabolic-responses-of-thin-ewes-to-an-acute-cold-challenge-in-mid-pregnancy-implications-for-animal-physiology-and-welfare</link>
		<comments>http://elitestv.com/pub/2012/05/reduced-cortisol-and-metabolic-responses-of-thin-ewes-to-an-acute-cold-challenge-in-mid-pregnancy-implications-for-animal-physiology-and-welfare#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 26 May 2012 20:12:19 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>PLoS ONE</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[PLoS ONE]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Science/Tech/Health]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[condition-score]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[during-the-bcs]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://elitestv.com/pub/2012/05/reduced-cortisol-and-metabolic-responses-of-thin-ewes-to-an-acute-cold-challenge-in-mid-pregnancy-implications-for-animal-physiology-and-welfare</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[ by Else Verbeek, Mark Hope Oliver, Joseph Rupert Waas, Lance Maxwell McLeay, Dominique Blache, Lindsay Ross Matthews Background Low food availability leading to reductions in Body Condition Score (BCS; 0 indicates emaciation and 5 obesity) in sheep often coincides with low temperatures associated with the onset of winter in New Zealand. The ability to adapt to reductions in environmental temperature may be impaired in animals with low BCS, in particular during pregnancy when metabolic demand is higher. Here we assess whether BCS affects a pregnant animal's ability to cope with cold challenges. Methods Eighteen pregnant ewes with a BCS of 2.7±0.1 were fed to attain low (LBC: BCS2.3±0.1), medium (MBC: BCS3.2±0.2) or high BCS (HBC: BCS3.6±0.2). Shorn ewes were exposed to a 6-h acute cold challenge in a climate-controlled room (wet and windy conditions, 4.4±0.1°C) in mid-pregnancy. Blood samples were collected during the BCS change phase, acute cold challenge and recovery phase. Results During the BCS change phase, plasma glucose and leptin concentrations declined while free fatty acids (FFA) increased in LBC compared to MBC (P]]></description>
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		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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		<item>
		<title>Statistical Analysis of the Processes Controlling Choline and Ethanolamine Glycerophospholipid Molecular Species Composition</title>
		<link>http://elitestv.com/pub/2012/05/statistical-analysis-of-the-processes-controlling-choline-and-ethanolamine-glycerophospholipid-molecular-species-composition</link>
		<comments>http://elitestv.com/pub/2012/05/statistical-analysis-of-the-processes-controlling-choline-and-ethanolamine-glycerophospholipid-molecular-species-composition#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 26 May 2012 20:12:07 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>PLoS ONE</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[PLoS ONE]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Science/Tech/Health]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[architectures]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[computational]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[jeffrey-chuang]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[predominant]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://elitestv.com/pub/2012/05/statistical-analysis-of-the-processes-controlling-choline-and-ethanolamine-glycerophospholipid-molecular-species-composition</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[ by Kourosh Zarringhalam, Lu Zhang, Michael A. Kiebish, Kui Yang, Xianlin Han, Richard W. Gross, Jeffrey Chuang The regulation and maintenance of the cellular lipidome through biosynthetic, remodeling, and catabolic mechanisms are critical for biological homeostasis during development, health and disease. These complex mechanisms control the architectures of lipid molecular species, which have diverse yet highly regulated fatty acid chains at both the sn1 and sn2 positions. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) serve as the predominant biophysical scaffolds in membranes, acting as reservoirs for potent lipid signals and regulating numerous enzymatic processes. Here we report the first rigorous computational dissection of the mechanisms influencing PC and PE molecular architectures from high-throughput shotgun lipidomic data. Using novel statistical approaches, we have analyzed multidimensional mass spectrometry-based shotgun lipidomic data from developmental mouse heart and mature mouse heart, lung, brain, and liver tissues. We show that in PC and PE, sn1 and sn2 positions are largely independent, though for low abundance species regulatory processes may interact with both the sn1 and sn2 chain simultaneously, leading to cooperative effects. Chains with similar biochemical properties appear to be remodeled similarly. We also see that sn2 positions are more regulated than sn1, and that PC exhibits stronger cooperative effects than PE. A key aspect of our work is a novel statistically rigorous approach to determine cooperativity based on a modified Fisher's exact test using Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling. This computational approach provides a novel tool for developing mechanistic insight into lipidomic regulation. ]]></description>
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		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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		<item>
		<title>Synthesis of the Tetrasaccharide Motif and Its Structural Analog Corresponding to the Lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli O75</title>
		<link>http://elitestv.com/pub/2012/05/synthesis-of-the-tetrasaccharide-motif-and-its-structural-analog-corresponding-to-the-lipopolysaccharide-of-escherichia-coli-o75</link>
		<comments>http://elitestv.com/pub/2012/05/synthesis-of-the-tetrasaccharide-motif-and-its-structural-analog-corresponding-to-the-lipopolysaccharide-of-escherichia-coli-o75#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 26 May 2012 20:11:56 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>PLoS ONE</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[PLoS ONE]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Science/Tech/Health]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[preparation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[synthesis]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://elitestv.com/pub/2012/05/synthesis-of-the-tetrasaccharide-motif-and-its-structural-analog-corresponding-to-the-lipopolysaccharide-of-escherichia-coli-o75</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[ by Abhijit Sau, Anup Kumar Misra Background Extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli are mostly responsible for a diverse spectrum of invasive human and animal infections leading to the urinary tract infections. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides are responsible for their pathogenicity and their interactions with host immune responses. In spite of several breakthroughs in the development of therapeutics to combat urinary tract infections and related diseases, the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains is a serious concern. Lipopolysaccharides are attractive targets for the development of long-term therapeutic agents to eradicate the infections. Since the natural sources cannot provide the required amount of oligosaccharides, development of chemical synthetic strategies for their synthesis is relevant to gain access to a reservoir of oligosaccharides and their close analogs. Methodology Two tetrasaccharide derivatives were synthesized from a single disaccharide intermediate. β-d-mannoside moiety was prepared from β-d-glucoside moiety following oxidation–reduction methodology. A [2+2] stereoselective block glycosylation strategy has been adopted for the preparation of tetrasaccharide derivative. α-d-Glucosamine moiety was prepared from α-d-mannosidic moiety following triflate formation at C-2 and S N 2 substitution. A one-pot iterative glycosylation exploiting the orthogonal property of thioglycoside was carried out during the synthesis of tetrasaccharide analog. Results Synthesis of the tetrasaccharide motif (1) and its structural analog (2) corresponding to the lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli O75 was successfully achieved in excellent yield. Most of the reactions are clean and high yielding. Both compounds 1 and 2 were synthesized as their 4-methoxyphenyl glycoside, which can act as a temporary anomeric protecting group for further use of these tetrasaccharides in the preparation of glycoconjugates. ]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://elitestv.com/pub/2012/05/synthesis-of-the-tetrasaccharide-motif-and-its-structural-analog-corresponding-to-the-lipopolysaccharide-of-escherichia-coli-o75/feed</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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		<item>
		<title>Chemical PARP Inhibition Enhances Growth of Arabidopsis and Reduces Anthocyanin Accumulation and the Activation of Stress Protective Mechanisms</title>
		<link>http://elitestv.com/pub/2012/05/chemical-parp-inhibition-enhances-growth-of-arabidopsis-and-reduces-anthocyanin-accumulation-and-the-activation-of-stress-protective-mechanisms</link>
		<comments>http://elitestv.com/pub/2012/05/chemical-parp-inhibition-enhances-growth-of-arabidopsis-and-reduces-anthocyanin-accumulation-and-the-activation-of-stress-protective-mechanisms#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 26 May 2012 20:11:43 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>PLoS ONE</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[PLoS ONE]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Science/Tech/Health]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[graham-noctor]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[likely-enabling]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[physiological]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[understanding]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://elitestv.com/pub/2012/05/chemical-parp-inhibition-enhances-growth-of-arabidopsis-and-reduces-anthocyanin-accumulation-and-the-activation-of-stress-protective-mechanisms</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[ by Philipp Schulz, Jenny Neukermans, Katrien Van Der Kelen, Per Mühlenbock, Frank Van Breusegem, Graham Noctor, Markus Teige, Michael Metzlaff, Matthew A. Hannah Poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) post-translationally modifies proteins through the addition of ADP-ribose polymers, yet its role in modulating plant development and stress responses is only poorly understood. The experiments presented here address some of the gaps in our understanding of its role in stress tolerance and thereby provide new insights into tolerance mechanisms and growth. Using a combination of chemical and genetic approaches, this study characterized phenotypes associated with PARP inhibition at the physiological level. Molecular analyses including gene expression analysis, measurement of primary metabolites and redox metabolites were used to understand the underlying processes. The analysis revealed that PARP inhibition represses anthocyanin and ascorbate accumulation under stress conditions. The reduction in defense is correlated with enhanced biomass production. Even in unstressed conditions protective genes and molecules are repressed by PARP inhibition. The reduced anthocyanin production was shown to be based on the repression of transcription of key regulatory and biosynthesis genes. PARP is a key factor for understanding growth and stress responses of plants. PARP inhibition allows plants to reduce protection such as anthocyanin, ascorbate or Non-Photochemical-Quenching whilst maintaining high energy levels likely enabling the observed enhancement of biomass production under stress, opening interesting perspectives for increasing crop productivity. ]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://elitestv.com/pub/2012/05/chemical-parp-inhibition-enhances-growth-of-arabidopsis-and-reduces-anthocyanin-accumulation-and-the-activation-of-stress-protective-mechanisms/feed</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Genome-Wide Study of the Defective Sucrose Fermenter Strain of Vibrio cholerae from the Latin American Cholera Epidemic</title>
		<link>http://elitestv.com/pub/2012/05/genome-wide-study-of-the-defective-sucrose-fermenter-strain-of-vibrio-cholerae-from-the-latin-american-cholera-epidemic</link>
		<comments>http://elitestv.com/pub/2012/05/genome-wide-study-of-the-defective-sucrose-fermenter-strain-of-vibrio-cholerae-from-the-latin-american-cholera-epidemic#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 26 May 2012 18:30:08 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>PLoS ONE</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[PLoS ONE]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Science/Tech/Health]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[carolina]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[latin]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[latin america]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[strain]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://elitestv.com/pub/2012/05/genome-wide-study-of-the-defective-sucrose-fermenter-strain-of-vibrio-cholerae-from-the-latin-american-cholera-epidemic</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[ by Daniel Rios Garza, Cristiane C. Thompson, Edvaldo Carlos Brito Loureiro, Bas E. Dutilh, Davi Toshio Inada, Edivaldo Costa Sousa Junior, Jedson Ferreira Cardoso, Márcio Roberto T. Nunes, Clayton Pereira Silva de Lima, Rodrigo Vellasco Duarte Silvestre, Keley Nascimento Barbosa Nunes, Elisabeth C. O. Santos, Robert A. Edwards, Ana Carolina P. Vicente, Lena Lillian Canto de Sá Morais The 7th cholera pandemic reached Latin America in 1991, spreading from Peru to virtually all Latin American countries. During the late epidemic period, a strain that failed to ferment sucrose dominated cholera outbreaks in the Northern Brazilian Amazon region. In order to understand the genomic characteristics and the determinants of this altered sucrose fermenting phenotype, the genome of the strain IEC224 was sequenced. This paper reports a broad genomic study of this strain, showing its correlation with the major epidemic lineage. The potentially mobile genomic regions are shown to possess GC content deviation, and harbor the main V. cholera virulence genes. A novel bioinformatic approach was applied in order to identify the putative functions of hypothetical proteins, and was compared with the automatic annotation by RAST. The genome of a large bacteriophage was found to be integrated to the IEC224's alanine aminopeptidase gene. The presence of this phage is shown to be a common characteristic of the El Tor strains from the Latin American epidemic, as well as its putative ancestor from Angola. The defective sucrose fermenting phenotype is shown to be due to a single nucleotide insertion in the V. cholerae sucrose-specific transportation gene. This frame-shift mutation truncated a membrane protein, altering its structural pore-like conformation. Further, the identification of a common bacteriophage reinforces both the monophyletic and African-Origin hypotheses for the main causative agent of the 1991 Latin America cholera epidemics. ]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://elitestv.com/pub/2012/05/genome-wide-study-of-the-defective-sucrose-fermenter-strain-of-vibrio-cholerae-from-the-latin-american-cholera-epidemic/feed</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>A Stochastic Description of Dictyostelium Chemotaxis</title>
		<link>http://elitestv.com/pub/2012/05/a-stochastic-description-of-dictyostelium-chemotaxis</link>
		<comments>http://elitestv.com/pub/2012/05/a-stochastic-description-of-dictyostelium-chemotaxis#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 26 May 2012 18:29:58 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>PLoS ONE</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[PLoS ONE]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Science/Tech/Health]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[probabilistic]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[social]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://elitestv.com/pub/2012/05/a-stochastic-description-of-dictyostelium-chemotaxis</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[ by Gabriel Amselem, Matthias Theves, Albert Bae, Eberhard Bodenschatz, Carsten Beta Chemotaxis, the directed motion of a cell toward a chemical source, plays a key role in many essential biological processes. Here, we derive a statistical model that quantitatively describes the chemotactic motion of eukaryotic cells in a chemical gradient. Our model is based on observations of the chemotactic motion of the social ameba Dictyostelium discoideum , a model organism for eukaryotic chemotaxis. A large number of cell trajectories in stationary, linear chemoattractant gradients is measured, using microfluidic tools in combination with automated cell tracking. We describe the directional motion as the interplay between deterministic and stochastic contributions based on a Langevin equation. The functional form of this equation is directly extracted from experimental data by angle-resolved conditional averages. It contains quadratic deterministic damping and multiplicative noise. In the presence of an external gradient, the deterministic part shows a clear angular dependence that takes the form of a force pointing in gradient direction. With increasing gradient steepness, this force passes through a maximum that coincides with maxima in both speed and directionality of the cells. The stochastic part, on the other hand, does not depend on the orientation of the directional cue and remains independent of the gradient magnitude. Numerical simulations of our probabilistic model yield quantitative agreement with the experimental distribution functions. Thus our model captures well the dynamics of chemotactic cells and can serve to quantify differences and similarities of different chemotactic eukaryotes. Finally, on the basis of our model, we can characterize the heterogeneity within a population of chemotactic cells. ]]></description>
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		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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		<item>
		<title>Retrospective Study of the Incidence of HFMD and Seroepidemiology of Antibodies against EV71 and CoxA16 in Prenatal Women and Their Infants</title>
		<link>http://elitestv.com/pub/2012/05/retrospective-study-of-the-incidence-of-hfmd-and-seroepidemiology-of-antibodies-against-ev71-and-coxa16-in-prenatal-women-and-their-infants</link>
		<comments>http://elitestv.com/pub/2012/05/retrospective-study-of-the-incidence-of-hfmd-and-seroepidemiology-of-antibodies-against-ev71-and-coxa16-in-prenatal-women-and-their-infants#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 26 May 2012 18:29:49 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>PLoS ONE</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[PLoS ONE]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Science/Tech/Health]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[hfmd]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[history]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[management]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://elitestv.com/pub/2012/05/retrospective-study-of-the-incidence-of-hfmd-and-seroepidemiology-of-antibodies-against-ev71-and-coxa16-in-prenatal-women-and-their-infants</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[ by Feng-Cai Zhu, Zheng-Lun Liang, Fan-Yue Meng, Ying Zeng, Qun-Ying Mao, Kai Chu, Xue-Fang Song, Xin Yao, Jing-Xin Li, Hong Ji, Yi-Ju Zhang, Liang Li, Hong-Xing Pan, Ke Xu, Wei-Ming Dai, Wei-Wei Zhang, Fei Deng, Hua Wang, Jun-Zhi Wang Background Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) has been emerging as an important public problem over the past few decades, especially in Asian and Pacific regions. A national program on EV71 vaccine development against HFMD was initiated in China, in 2008, which called for a need for seroepidemiological study for the target population. Methodology/Principal Findings This was a retrospective study conducted in Jiangsu Province, in October, 2010. We measured the neutralizing antibodies against EV71 and CoxA16 in a cohort of infants aged of 2, 7, 12, and 27–38 months and their mothers just before delivery. Series sera samples from 975 infants and 555 mothers were collected and analyzed. Questionnaires on the history of HFMD were completed in the survey. A total of 143 HFMD cases were collected, but only 11.2% were reported to the National Infectious Disease Information Management System. The level of maternal antibody titers decreased dramatically during the first 7 month and remained at a relatively low level thereafter. But it increased significantly from month 12 to months 27–38. The accumulate incidence density of HFMD demonstrated a significant increase after 14 months of age, resulting in a accumulate incidence density of 50.8/1000 person-years in survey period. Seropositivity of EV71 antibody in infants at the age of 2 months seems to demonstrate a protective effect against HFMD. Conclusions and Significance High seropositive rate of EV71 and CoxA16 antibody was found in prenatal women in mainland China, and there is a need to enhance the HFMD case management and the current surveillance system. We suggest that infants aged between 6 to 14 months should have the first priority to receive EV71 vaccine. ]]></description>
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		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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		<title>Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Hepatitis B Virus D Genotype in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin</title>
		<link>http://elitestv.com/pub/2012/05/spatial-and-temporal-dynamics-of-hepatitis-b-virus-d-genotype-in-europe-and-the-mediterranean-basin</link>
		<comments>http://elitestv.com/pub/2012/05/spatial-and-temporal-dynamics-of-hepatitis-b-virus-d-genotype-in-europe-and-the-mediterranean-basin#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 26 May 2012 18:29:40 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>PLoS ONE</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[PLoS ONE]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Science/Tech/Health]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[location]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[middle-east]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[tree]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://elitestv.com/pub/2012/05/spatial-and-temporal-dynamics-of-hepatitis-b-virus-d-genotype-in-europe-and-the-mediterranean-basin</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[ by Gianguglielmo Zehender, Erika Ebranati, Elena Gabanelli, Renata Shkjezi, Alessia Lai, Chiara Sorrentino, Alessandra Lo Presti, Mimoza Basho, Raffaele Bruno, Elisabetta Tanzi, Silvia Bino, Massimo Ciccozzi, Massimo Galli Hepatitis B virus genotype D can be found in many parts of the world and is the most prevalent strain in south-eastern Europe, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East, and the Indian sub-continent. The epidemiological history of the D genotype and its subgenotypes is still obscure because of the scarcity of appropriate studies. We retrieved from public databases a total of 312 gene P sequences of HBV genotype D isolated in various countries throughout the world, and reconstructed the spatio-temporal evolutionary dynamics of the HBV-D epidemic using a Bayesian framework. The phylogeographical analysis showed that India had the highest posterior probability of being the location of the tree root, whereas central Asia was the most probable location of the common ancestor of subgenotypes D1–D3. HBV-D5 (identified in native Indian populations) diverged from the tree root earlier than D1–D3. The time of the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) of the tree root was 128 years ago, which suggests that the common ancestor of the currently circulating subgenotypes existed in the second half of the XIX century. The mean tMRCA of subgenotypes D1–D3 was between the 1940s and the 1950–60s. On the basis of our phylogeographic reconstruction, it seems that HBV-D reached the Mediterranean area in the middle of the XX century by means of at least two routes: the first pathway (mainly due to the spread of subgenotype D1) crossing the Middle East and reaching north Africa and the eastern Mediterranean, and the second pathway (closely associated with D2) that crossed the former Soviet Union and reached eastern Europe and the Mediterranean through Albania. We hypothesise that the main route of dispersion of genotype D was the unsafe use of injections and drug addiction. ]]></description>
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		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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		<title>Optimising Strategies for Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Elimination in Cambodia: Primaquine, Mass Drug Administration and Artemisinin Resistance</title>
		<link>http://elitestv.com/pub/2012/05/optimising-strategies-for-plasmodium-falciparum-malaria-elimination-in-cambodia-primaquine-mass-drug-administration-and-artemisinin-resistance</link>
		<comments>http://elitestv.com/pub/2012/05/optimising-strategies-for-plasmodium-falciparum-malaria-elimination-in-cambodia-primaquine-mass-drug-administration-and-artemisinin-resistance#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 26 May 2012 16:34:30 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>PLoS ONE</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[PLoS ONE]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Science/Tech/Health]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cambodia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[effectiveness]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[increase]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[study]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://elitestv.com/pub/2012/05/optimising-strategies-for-plasmodium-falciparum-malaria-elimination-in-cambodia-primaquine-mass-drug-administration-and-artemisinin-resistance</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[ by Richard J. Maude, Duong Socheat, Chea Nguon, Preap Saroth, Prak Dara, Guoqiao Li, Jianping Song, Shunmay Yeung, Arjen M. Dondorp, Nicholas P. Day, Nicholas J. White, Lisa J. White Background Malaria elimination requires a variety of approaches individually optimized for different transmission settings. A recent field study in an area of low seasonal transmission in South West Cambodia demonstrated dramatic reductions in malaria parasite prevalence following both mass drug administration (MDA) and high treatment coverage of symptomatic patients with artemisinin-piperaquine plus primaquine. This study employed multiple combined strategies and it was unclear what contribution each made to the reductions in malaria. Method and Findings A mathematical model fitted to the trial results was used to assess the effects of the various components of these interventions, design optimal elimination strategies, and explore their interactions with artemisinin resistance, which has recently been discovered in Western Cambodia. The modelling indicated that most of the initial reduction of P. falciparum malaria resulted from MDA with artemisinin-piperaquine. The subsequent continued decline and near elimination resulted mainly from high coverage with artemisinin-piperaquine treatment. Both these strategies were more effective with the addition of primaquine. MDA with artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) increased the proportion of artemisinin resistant infections, although much less than treatment of symptomatic cases with ACT, and this increase was slowed by adding primaquine. Artemisinin resistance reduced the effectiveness of interventions using ACT when the prevalence of resistance was very high. The main results were robust to assumptions about primaquine action, and immunity. Conclusions The key messages of these modelling results for policy makers were: high coverage with ACT treatment can produce a long-term reduction in malaria whereas the impact of MDA is generally only short-term; primaquine enhances the effect of ACT in eliminating malaria and reduces the increase in proportion of artemisinin resistant infections; parasite prevalence is a better surveillance measure for elimination programmes than numbers of symptomatic cases; combinations of interventions are most effective and sustained efforts are crucial for successful elimination. ]]></description>
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		<title>Influence of Prenatal Arsenic Exposure and Newborn Sex on Global Methylation of Cord Blood DNA</title>
		<link>http://elitestv.com/pub/2012/05/influence-of-prenatal-arsenic-exposure-and-newborn-sex-on-global-methylation-of-cord-blood-dna</link>
		<comments>http://elitestv.com/pub/2012/05/influence-of-prenatal-arsenic-exposure-and-newborn-sex-on-global-methylation-of-cord-blood-dna#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 26 May 2012 16:34:19 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>PLoS ONE</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[PLoS ONE]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Science/Tech/Health]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[association]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[dna]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[mahfuzar-rahman]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[richard-pilsner]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[vesna-ilievski]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://elitestv.com/pub/2012/05/influence-of-prenatal-arsenic-exposure-and-newborn-sex-on-global-methylation-of-cord-blood-dna</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[ by J. Richard Pilsner, Megan N. Hall, Xinhua Liu, Vesna Ilievski, Vesna Slavkovich, Diane Levy, Pam Factor-Litvak, Mahammad Yunus, Mahfuzar Rahman, Joseph H. Graziano, Mary V. Gamble Background An emerging body of evidence indicates that early-life arsenic (As) exposure may influence the trajectory of health outcomes later in life. However, the mechanisms underlying these observations are unknown. Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of prenatal As exposure on global methylation of cord blood DNA in a study of mother/newborn pairs in Matlab, Bangladesh. Design Maternal and cord blood DNA were available from a convenience sample of 101 mother/newborn pairs. Measures of As exposure included maternal urinary As (uAs), maternal blood As (mbAs) and cord blood As (cbAs). Several measures of global DNA methylation were assessed, including the [3H]-methyl-incorporation assay and three Pyrosequencing assays: Alu, LINE-1 and LUMA. Results In the total sample, increasing quartiles of maternal uAs were associated with an increase in covariate-adjusted means of newborn global DNA methylation as measured by the [3H]-methyl-incorporation assay (quartile 1 (Q1) and Q2 vs. Q4; p = 0.06 and 0.04, respectively). Sex-specific linear regression analyses, while not reaching significance level of 0.05, indicated that the associations between As exposures and Alu, LINE-1 and LUMA were positive among male newborns (N = 58) but negative among female newborns (N = 43); tests for sex differences were borderline significant for the association of cbAs and mbAs with Alu (p = 0.05 and 0.09, respectively) and for the association between maternal uAs and LINE-1 (p = 0.07). Sex-specific correlations between maternal urinary creatinine and newborn methyl-incorporation, Alu and LINE-1 were also evident (p]]></description>
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